Lala Har Dayal
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Lala Har Dayal (né le 4 octobre 1884, à Delhi, en India ; mort le 4 mars 1939, à Philadelphia, Pennsylvanie, États-Unis d'Amérique) était un révolutionnaire indien et fondateur du Parti Ghadar.
Contents
Jeunesse
Sixième enfant d'une famille en comportant 17, son père était Gauri Dayal Mathur. Dayal n'est pas tant un surnom qu'un dénominatif d'une sous-caste, au sein de la caste Kayastha[1]. À l'âge de 17 ans, il se marria avec Sundra. Leur fils, né deux ans plus tard, meurt dans la petite enfance, mais ils donnent plus tard naissance à une fille, en 1908.
Très tôt, il fut influencé par l'Ä€rya-SamÄj[2]. Il fréquenta Shyamji Krishnavarma[3], Vinayak Damodar Savarkar[4] et Bhikaiji Cama[5]. Il tira également son inspiration de Giuseppe Mazzini, Karl Marx et Michel Bakounine. Il fut, selon Emily Brow citée par le biographe de Har Dayal Juergensmeyer, « successivement athée, révolutionnaire, bouddhiste, puis pacifiste ».
Il étudia à la Cambridge Mission School et recevit son baccalauréat en sanskrit au St. Stephen's College de Delhi, et sa maîtrise de sanskrit à l'université de Panjab, à Chandigarh. En 1905, il étudia le sanscrit à l'université d'Oxford. Dans une lettre au Indian Sociologist[6], publiée en 1907, il commença à étudier les idées anarchistes, estimant que « notre but n'est pas de réformer le gouvernement, mais le supprimer, laissant, si nécessaire, uniquement des traces nominatives de son existence. » La lettre provoqua sa mise sous surveillance par la police. Un an plus tard, disant que « l'enfer soit de l'ICS[7] », il abandonna ses études à Oxford, et retourna en Inde pour vivre une vie austère. C'est à cette période qu'il devient l'ami de l'anarchiste Guy Aldred, qui fut jugé pour avoir fait imprimé The Indian Sociologist.
Il partit pour Paris en 1909 et devient le rédacteur de Vande Mataram. Paris lui déplaisant, il visite l'Algérie, où il se demande si il partira à Cub ou au Japon. Puis, il partit en Martinique, où il reçut la visite d'un missionaire de l'Ä€rya-SamÄj, Bhai Parmanand, avec qui il chercha à créer une nouvelle religion inspirée par les enseignements de Bouddha. Il vécut une vie d'ascète, ne mangeant que du grain bouilli, dormant sur le sol et méditant dans une pièce recluse. Guy Aldred raconta plus tard que ce leitmotiv religieux était de l'athéisme, du cosmopolitisme et une loi morale. Emily Brown et Erik Erikson décrivirent cet évènement de la vie de Har Dayal comme une crise d'"égo-identité". Parmanand décida de partir pour les États-Unis d'Amérique afin d'y propager l'ancienne culture des aryens[8].
Hardayal passa de Boston en Californie, où il écrivit un récit idyllique de sa vie aux États-Unis. Puis il partit pour Honolulu, à Hawaii où il passa du temps à méditer sur la plage de Waïkiki. Pendant son séjour, il se fit beaucoup d'amis bouddhistes japonais et commença à étudier l'œuvre de Karl Marx. Là , il écrivit Some Phases of Contemporary Thought in India (en français : Quelques phases de la pensée contemporaine indienne), publié par la suite dans le Modern Review de Calcutta. Parmanand le persuada ensuite de revenir en Californie.
Activisme anarchiste en Amérique
He moved to the United States in 1911, where he became involved in industrial unionism. He had served as secretary of the San Francisco branch of the Industrial Workers of the World alongside the National Bolshevik, Fritz Wolffheim. In a statement outlining the principles of the Fraternity of the Red Flag he said they proposed "The establishment of Communism, and the abolition of private property in land and capital through industrial organisation and the General Strike, ultimate abolition of the coercive organisation of Government". A little over a year later, this group had been given six acres of land and a house in Oakland, where he founded the Bakunin Institute of California which he described as "the first monastery of anarchism". The organisation aligned itself with the Regeneracion movement founded by the exiled Mexicans Ricardo and Enrique Flores Magon. He had a post as a lecturer in philosophy at Stanford University. However, he was forced to resign because of embarrassment about his activities in the anarchist movement.
He had developed contacts with Indian American farmers in Stockton. Having adopted an Indian Nationalist perspective, he wanted to encourage young Indian men to gain a scientific and sociological education. With Teja Singh, Taraknath Das and Arthur Pope and funding from Jwala Singh, a rich farmer from Stockton, he set up Guru Gobind Singh scholarships for indian students. As with Shyamji Krishnavarma's India House in London, he established his house as a home for these students. Amongst the six students who responded to the offer were Nand Singh Sihra, Darisi Chenchiah and Gobind Behari Lal, his wife's cousin. They lived together in a rented apartment close to the University of California, Berkeley.
Tentative d'assassinat du gouverneur général d'Inde
At the time, he was still a vigorous anarchist propagandist and had very little to do with the nationalist Nalanda Club, composed of Indian students. However Basanta Kumar Biswas's attempt on the life of the Indian Viceroy, Lord Hardinge, on December 23 1912 had a major impact upon him. He visited the Nalanda Club hostel to tell them news at dinner time finishing his talk with a couplet from the Urdu poet Mir Taqi Mir:
- Pagri apni Sambaliyega Mir
- Aur basti nahin, yeh Dilli hai
The hostel then became a party with dancing and the singing of Vande Mataram. Hardayal excitedly told his anarchist friends of what one of his men had done in India.
He quickly brought out a pamphlet called the Jugantar Circular in which he eulogised about the bombing:
- "Hail! Hail! Hail! Bomb of 23 December 1912 ... Harbinger of hope and courage, dear reawakener of slumbering souls ... concentrated moral dynamite ... the esperanto of revolution."'
He established the Gadar Party in the U.S. and published a journal Ghadar in 6 languages from USA. Millions of copies of the journal were distributed in India and to Indians around the world. Copies of the journal were concealed in parcels of foreign cloth sent to Delhi.
In April 1914, he was arrested by the United States government for spreading anarchist literature and fled to Berlin, Germany. He subsequently lived for a decade in Sweden. He received his PhD in 1930 from the University of London. In 1932, he published Hints of Self Culture and embarked on a lecture circuit covering Europe, India, and the United States.
He died in Philadelphia in 1939. On the evening of his death he had given a lecture where he had said "I am Peace with all".
In 1987, the India Department of Posts issued a commemorative stamp in his honor, within the series "India's Struggle for Freedom".
Références
- ↑ Caste indienne, pouvant également s'écrire KÄyastha ou Kayasth et signifiant scribe ou administrateur. [1]
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- ↑ Shyamji Krishna Varma (Shyamji Krishna Nakhua) (1857 - 1930) fut un leader indien nationaliste. [2]
- ↑ VinÄyak DÄmodar SÄvarkar (Marathi: विनायक दामोदर सावरकर) (ਵਿਨਾਯਕ ਦਮੋਦਰ ਸਾਵਰਕਰ) (28 mai 1883 – 26 février 1966) était un activiste politique indien pour la liberté, qui développa une idéologie politique nationaliste hindou portant le nom de Hindutva (« Hindouté » traduction libre de l'anglais Hinduness).
- ↑ Bhikaiji Rustom Cama (Madam Cama, Madame Cama) (24 septembre 1861 - 13 août 1936) fut une figure importante du mouvement nationaliste indien.
- ↑ The Indian Sociologist était une revue importante du nationalisme indien au début du XIXème siècle. Elle portait pour sous-titre : « Un organe de liberté, et de réforme politique, sociale et religieuse. »
- ↑ Indian Civil Service, plus connu sous le nom d'ICS, service de renseignement d'élite sous le gouvernement indien sous le Raj britannique. Ce service porte désormais le nom d'UPSC.
- ↑ Le peuple aryen vivant en Asie, rien à voir avec les inepties nazies.
- Ghadar Movement: Ideology, Organisation and Strategy by Karish K. Puri, Guru Nanak Dev University Press, 1983
- Har Dayal: Hindu Revolutionary and Rationalist by Emily C. Brown, The University of Arizona Press, 1975
- Har Dayal: Hindu Revolutionary and Rationalist, review by Mark Juergensmeyer. The Journal of Asian Studies, 1976
Liens externes
- Biography from the Indian Department of Posts on the event of the issuance of a commemorative stamp.
- "Understanding revolutionary idol Lala Hardayal" by Yogendra Bali
Catégorie:Anarchiste Catégorie:Lutte autochtone
- REDIRECT Modèle:Wikipedia (traduit de l'article anglais et augmenté)