13 janvier

1794 -- Mexico: Tobacco workers demonstrate for improved conditions, Mexico City.

1810 -- Ernest Rose, utopian socialist, lives.

1848 -- Hippolyte Ferre lives.

1874 -- US: Tompkins Square massacre. The original Tompkins Square Police Riot. As unemployed workers demonstrate in New York City's Tompkins Square Park, mounted police officers charge into the crowd, indiscriminately clubbing adults & children, leaving hundreds of casualties.

1883 -- Henrik Ibsen play "An Enemy of the People" premiers, Christiania Theatre, Oslo, Norway.

1894 -- Italy: A revolution in Sicily is crushed by government troops ; Insurrection in Lunigiana as anarchists bands arm themselves in support of Sicilian victims of the State of Siege (beginning of January to repress revolts against increased flour prices). A military tribunal condemns Luigi Molinari, on 31 January, to 23 years imprisonment as the instigator of the insurrection. A protest movement was mounted & Molinari was amnestied on 20 September, 1895. Molinari was active with Malatesta & Berneri in the Italian anarchist movement.

1898 -- Novelist Emile Zola blows the lid off rampant French anti-Semitism & a military cover up in the Dreyfus Affair with publication of J'accuse!

1909 -- US: Emma Goldman lectures on "The Dissolution of Our Institutions" in San Francisco, California, followed by a statement by William Buwalda, a soldier court-martialed the last year & recently pardoned by President Roosevelt. This event actually takes place without police interference.

1914 -- US: IWW [Industrial Workers of the World] organizer Joe Hill is falsely arrested for murder, Utah.

1924 -- Austria: Anarchist philosopher, anti-scientist Paul Feyerabend lives (1924-1994), Vienna. If we wish to we wish to defend society against�science, then the only philosophy to adopt is the anarchist one.

1933 -- Emma Goldman, anarchistHaving travelled from Paris (on the 10th) to the Netherlands via Reims, Brussels, & Antwerp, Emma Goldman's lecture tour of the Netherlands takes her to The Hague, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht, & Hengelo (from the 13th to the 23rd); Emma speaks on "Dictatorship, the Modern Religious Hysteria."

1957 -- Hungary: Death penalty enacted for strikers as government calls for order & quiet.

1971 -- Spain: Arrest of Pepe Beunza, first of many political conscientious objectors imprisoned.