Anarchisme et religion

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Catégorie:En traductionCatégorie:Anarchisme Les anarchistes ont traditionellement été sceptique et opposé face aux religions organisées. La plupart des religions organisés sont hiérarchique par nature et , plus souvent que non, alignée avec les structures de pouvoir contemporaine comme l'État et le capital. Ceci ne veut pas dire que les anarchistes sont en opposition à la croyance personnelle, ils s'opposent seulement à la nature autoritaire de la religion organisée.

L'Anti-autoritarisme est un thème central de plusieurs sectes religieuses et de quelques variantes de religions importantes. Plusieurs anarchistes ont été religieux, par exemple Léon Tolstoy et Ammon Hennacy, qui étaient de fervant croyant en les principes de l'anarchisme chrétien et de la non-violence.

La rupture des anarchistes avec la religion

Publié de manière posthume en francais en 1882, "Dieu et l'Etat", de Mikhail Bakunin, fut l'un des premier traités anarchistes de religion. Bakunin y expose sa philosophie sur la place des religions dans l'Histoire et ses relations avec l'état politique actuel.

Plusieurs anarchistes espagnols du début du 19ième siècle furent blamés pour des églises en feu, même si plusieurs de ces églises furent en fait brûlées par le Parti Radical. Le support implicite et/ou explicite des leaders religieux pour le fascisme pendant la Guerre civile espagnole a aussi grandement contribué à un sentiment anti-religieux.

Emma Goldman wrote in "Anarchism: What It Really Stands For",

Anarchism has declared war on the pernicious influences which have so far prevented the harmonious blending of individual and social instincts, the individual and society. Religion, the dominion of the human mind; Property, the dominion of human needs; and Government, the dominion of human conduct, represent the stronghold of man's enslavement and all the horrors it entails.

Vers la fin du 19ième siècle/début 20ième, des anarchistes comme Voltairine de Cleyre ont souvent été associés/es au mouvement de libre-pensée, un mouvement athée.

Les thèmes anarchistes dans la religion

Anarchistic and anti-authoritarian movements have played significant roles in the development of certain religions, particularly those that arose during a class struggle. Some of these are viewed as having explicit anarchist teachings.

Anarchisme et Bouddhisme

Le Bouddhisme est un système de croyance sans dieu ou, si vous préférez, une philosophie, en contraste à plusieurs autres religions. La plupart des écoles bouddhistes reconnaissent Bouddha comme une homme et un symbole pour atteindre une sorte d'"accomplissement". Les écrits bouddhistes, comme par exemple le Kama Sutra, ont une attitude anti-autoritaire qui encourage le questionnement de l'autorité et des dogmes religieux.

Les communautés bouddhiste effraient souvent les rois et les faiseurs de loi par cause de leur notion de propriété. En rejetant volontairement toutes possessions matérielles et en n'ayant peur devant la douleur et la mort, les Bouddhistes "échappe" naturellement aux systèmes de pouvoir planètaire car ils ne peuvent alors être manipulés.

Conclusions des trois Vérités universelles(bouddhistes)

Buddhists believe in three fundamental truths of the universe, the dharma seals, viz.:

1. Everything is in a constant state of change. (anicca)
2. That "suffering" exists and is unavoidable. (dukkha)
3. That everything is devoid of a "self." (anatta)

Thus, there can be no "perfect State"; we can only attempt to approach an ideal community for all. Any man-made institution is impermanent as well as imperfect, as people and the world change constantly. Further, no material wealth or political power will grant us permanent happiness—unenlightened satisfaction is an illusion that only perpetuates samsara. Individual liberty, while a worthy goal for anarchists, is nevertheless incomplete, to the extent that it precludes our common humanity, since there is, ultimately, no "self" that is inherently distinct from the rest of the universe.

That being said, the aim of a bodhisattva is to try to minimize the amount of suffering that goes on during the lives of conscious beings. The socialist anarchist argues that the state and capitalism both generate oppression and, therefore, suffering. The former, the state, is an institution that frames the desire for power, and the latter, capitalism, the desire for material wealth. Trying to control other human beings, in the view of Buddhist anarchists, will only cause them to suffer, and ultimately causes suffering for those who try to control. Trying to hold on to and accumulate material wealth, likewise, increases suffering for the capitalist and those they do business with.

Compassion, for a Buddhist, springs from a fundamental selflessness. Compassion for humanity as a whole is what inspires the Buddhist towards activism; however, most, if not all, political groups tend to go against the Eightfold Path that steers Buddhist thought and action. Thus, anarchism, lacking a rigid ideological structure and dogmas, is seen as easily applicable for Buddhists.

Those who have seen the conjunction of anarchism and Buddhism (in various ways) arguably include Edward Carpenter, Ananda Coomaraswamy, Lala Hardayal Liu Shipei, John Cage, Kenneth Rexroth, Allen Ginsberg, Diane di Prima, Gary Snyder, Jackson MacLow, Peter Lamborn Wilson, John Moore, Kerry Thornley, Max Cafard, William Batchelder Greene, as well as the pro-Situationist Ken Knabb and others. The foremost anarchist thinker Peter Kropotkin saw primitive Buddhist communities as embodying the principle of mutual aid, and Matthew Turner noted that some Buddhist priests were involved in the anarchist movement in Japan in the early part of the 20th century.

Anarchisme et Christianisme

Voir Anarchisme chrétien

Pour plusieurs, le Christianisme fut à l'origine un mouvement anarchiste pacifique. Jésus est dit, dans cette optique, d'avoir venu libérer les individus et le peuple de l'emprise des doctrines religieuses oppressives de la loi juive. Il a dit que la seule véritable autorité était celle de Dieu, pas celle de l'homme, changeant la loi en éthique réciproque.

According to Christian anarchists, there is only one source of authority to which Christians are ultimately answerable, the authority of God as embodied in the teachings of Jesus. Christian anarchists believe that freedom from government or Church is justified spiritually and will only be guided by the grace of God if men display compassion and turn the other cheek when confronted with violence.

Unlike Communism, anarchism is not necessarily opposed by the Catholic Church, the Catechism of the Catholic Church states "She (the Church) has...refused to accept, in the practice of "capitalism," individualism and the absolute primacy of the law of the marketplace over human labor. Regulating the economy solely by centralized planning perverts the basis of social bonds; regulating it solely by the law of the marketplace fails social justice". Notable Catholic Anarchists include Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin who founded the Catholic Worker Movement.

Discordianism

The teachings of Discordianism strongly resemble Situationist ideas and other core anarchist sentiments. The surreality of Discordianism certainly rings of anarchism, even if it is only ontological.

Anarchisme et hindouisme

voir hindouisme

L' hindouisme n'est pas une religion au sens ahbramanique du terme, et on peut parler d'ensemble anarchique de croyances et de courants philosophiques, étant donné qu'il n'y a pas d'Eglises dogmatiques: le système des castes est même rejeté par différentes sectes hindous. De plus, Dieu est considéré comme formant le Tout, l'Absolu (panthéisme), et chaque homme doit être considéré comme un dieu possible s'il devient maître de lui-même et non des autres ou soumis à un autre, car la divinité est caché au plus profond de l'intimité de chaque homme.

Anarchisme et Judaisme

Voir Anarchisme et sionisme

There have been many Jewish anarchists. Jewish anarchists, primarily Ashkenazi Jews were prominent in the labor movement from the 1880s to the 1930s. Nowadays, there is a large anarchist movement in Israel.

Anarchisme et Islam

There have been anti-authoritarian traits throughout the history of Islam, often related to Sufism. The end of the 20th century brought the syncretism of Islam and anarchism into a non-violent, anti-authoritarian philosophy espoused by people like Hakim Bey and Yakoub Islam.

Stregheria

Stregheria, from c. 1350 CE onwards, is based around the teachings of Aradia de Toscano. According to Stregheria, the wealthy Christian class made slaves of the poor, who fled from their oppressors and became thieves and assassins and began to make homes for themselves in outlaw camps in the Alban Hills surrounding Lake Nemi. Aradia, after her initiation into a Dianic Witchcraft cult, began to counsel and to take pity on them. She became known as La Bella Pelegrina (The Beautiful Pilgrimess). After receiving a vision from Diana, she came to believe she was the spiritual incarnation of the goddess Aradia, and was revered by the outlaws. She taught them Witchcraft and methods to curse their wealthy oppressors.

Stregheria originally honored the Roman god Lucifer, the Roman goddess Diana, and their daughter Aradia. Stregheria came to adopt a somewhat Christianized view of Lucifer and Diana; Lucifer became a brave rebel who opposed the tyrant God of the Christians, whilst Diana became a nearly Lilith-like figure.

The Benandanti, Witches employed by the Church to combat the followers of Aradia (labeled the Malandanti), eventually joined the movement when they also became the target of witch-hunts.

Stregheria lacks centralized authority in a strict sense, though deities are honored as wise teachers.

Taoisme

Le texte central du Taoisme et de la philosophie taoiste, le Tao Te Ching, est considéré par plusieurs comme un grand classique anarchiste. Au temps où il a été écrit en Chine ancienne, il y avait une lutte entre les Taoistes, les Legalists and Confucians where Legalists were in favor of codification of law and a centralization of governance, Confucianists were in favor of legalism and governance by rites, whereas Taoists rejected these ideas. At the center of Taoism lies the notion of Wu wei (often translated; action through inaction). It can be summed up by the following quote from the Tao Te Ching; 'The world is ruled by letting things take their course. It cannot be ruled by interfering.' This and other ideas in the Tao Te Ching resonates with modern concepts of anarchism.

Unitarian Universalism

Unitarian Universalism, or UUism, is not necessary an anarchist religion, but has structures which have anarchist characteristics. UUism is a religion in which the churches and services are generally democratically run and somewhat decentralised and autonomous. Lay congregants often organise their own services when the ministers take breaks. The services are often open to member participation. The seven values of UUism are generally in agreement with anarchist values.

Vodun

Vodun, like Stregheria, evolved as a religion by which slaves were able to reconnect with their cultural roots. Like Stregheria, it was somewhat influenced by Christianity as it did so.

Wicca

Wicca is a decentralized religion where each practitioner is free to modify rituals, prayers, etc as long as they adhere to the Wiccan Rede: "An Ye Harm None, Do What Ye Will". Wiccan covens (groups) are self-contained and have no central authority greater than the High Priestess of the coven. Although most Wiccans are not anarchists themselves the dozens of branches of Wicca, along with the many thousands of Solitary Wiccans (Wiccans not connected to any coven), are a testament to Wicca’s inherent anarchistic structure.

Voir aussi

• Anarchisme chrétien
• Fascisme clérical

Liens externes

• Zen and the Art of Anarchy, essay by King Mob
• Zenarchy, by Kerry Thornley
• Buddhist Anarchism, by Gary Snyder
• Buddhist Anarchism, by Daniel Trent Dillon
• Anarchism and Unitarian Universalism, by Clayton Dewey

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