Difference between revisions of "Mouvement anarchiste grec"

Catégorie:En traduction

Introduction

L'évolution de l'anarchisme en Grèce, montre une série de paradoxes historiques qui sont en lien avec le manque de couverture historique d'une part, et d'une autre, la distortion des faits historiques causée par la polarisation idéologique. Il est également difficile de tracer le lien et les chemins des différents collectifs et ligues.

1860-1875

C'est dans les années 1860 que l'on rencontra, surtout à Athènes, les premiers textes libertaires et les premières actions anarchistes organisées en Grèce. La plus part étaient écrits et publiés par les anarchistes et les radicaux de cet époque, profondément influencé par les activités des organisations européennes correspondantes.

Emanouil Dadaoglou, un marchand de Smyrni, a probablement fait connaissance des idées anarchistes de par des réfugié(e)s politiques italien(ne)s. Avec Amilcare Cipriani, fondateur du " Democratic Club" , il a organisé un collectif et a prit part à la révolution contre le roi Otho en 1862. Il est connu qu'ils ont réalisé un "blocage de route" dans les alentour de Kapnikarea.

De 1864 à 1867, il ira en Italie, dans la région de Napoli, où il prendra part à l'Association internationale des travailleurs (AIT) (une organisation profondément influencée par les idées de Bakounine). À cette époque, il rencontra Maria Pantazi, prostituée de profession, qui sera sa compagne jusqu'à la fin de sa vie. Vers la fin des années 1860, il retourna en Grèce où il mourra en 1870. Après sa mort Maria Pantazi quitta la Grèce. Elle meurt avec des milliers d'autres durant la répression de la Commune de Paris, de par les fusils de la Garde royale. La première publication anarchiste grec, peut être dans le journal périodique "Φώς" (Lumière), du 3/9/1861, no. 334. Il s'agit de l'article de première page, nommé "Anarchie" Partie A, et son auteur signe anonyme. Toutes les copies furent confisquées quelques heures après leur sortie et il y eut un raid policier, forcant le propriétaire du journal à condamner l'article, et donc la partie B ne fut jamais publiée.

Movements are also done in the Eptanisa Islands, with the names of Mikelis Iamvlixos and N. Konemenos saved to us. Iavlixos studied in Vern, Switzerland were he met M. Bacunin and after he returned to Kefalonia where he was born he will publicize some articles. Konemenos, living in Corfu , was one of the first who use the term "communism" and one of the first who spoke for women rights. En 1893, il publia un livre en italien nommé "Voleurs et meurtriers".

1875- 1880

The character of the tradition spored during the last decade will flower giving "revolutionary" organizations in different areas of the "Grecian" space like Athens, Syros , Messini, Agio, Filiatra, Kefalonia and Patra. The anarchists from Patra in early 1876 form a collective called "Democrative Association" , which because of the city's favorable position and it's port will acquire close and constant relations not only with fellow anarchists from close Italy but with other European organizations. They will try to coordinate all the groups of the "Grecian" space and to form the first greek department of the International Workers League . A league called "Democratic League of the People" will be made and in an article of the Italian paper Il Martello published in Bolonia , Italy we can read along with the announcement of the league's existence: "...later on we will send you the general policies of the Democratic League of the People and the specific policies of the Company of Patra... Soon enough we will publish our socialist newspaper as an instrument of WIL ..." . The following repression from the Greek state , is in accord with a European state agreement , a fact that can be proved from several diplomatic papers. In the newspaper "Bulletin of the League of Yura" in the 10th of June 1877  : Greece in it's turn joins the agreement of civilised nations, those who are sleepless with energetic meters of pressure in keeping the "social order" . To prove that , we received the following letter : "Prisons of Patra, 15/27 May 1877 in the making of the leaflet : Dionisis Ampelopoulos, Konstantinos Mpompotis , Alexandros Evmorfopoulos , Konstantinos Grimanis. We are in jail because of the publication of the first issue of our paper " Greek Democracy" , from which you will receive copies. Greetings and solidarity. Konstantinos Grimanis .

The Boatmen of Thessaloníki

The "boatmen" of Thessaloníki are anarchists , with Bulgaric origin ( Greek people were a minority in Thessaloníki then) . Their recorded actions consist solely in their bombings : In 28th of April they put bombs the French Steam Boat Guadalquivir and in the next day 29th of April 1903 they blow the Imperial Ottoman Bank , the "express" train from Instambul and the main pipe lines of gas and Water , the bar Alambra, the Bank of Mitilini , the Post Office, the Grand Hotel , the Theater Eden, the Top Hane military camp and the German Club.The official death rate will be 115 people killed. It is supposed that the members of this group where apprehended and subsequently caught and hanged.

Des années 60 aux années 90

Le mouvement anarchiste, en Grèce, a réellement débuté durant la junta militaire (1967-1974). The first Greek anarchists after war (1973) were among the main actors in student movement against junta. The Greek movement really started here and it carried both the ads and pros of this. Greek anarchists in the light of May of '68 and the Italian autonomist movement opposed anarchosyndicalism in favor of direct class war. Leurs influences provenaient de classiques de l'anarchisme, comme Bakounine et Kropotkine, mais aussi de l'Internationale Situationniste, de Panekouk et de l'Autonomisme marxiste.

Le mouvement anarchiste et autonomiste grec est devenu très fort vers la fin des années 1970, quand les gens des partis d'extrême-gauche(qui étaient fort vers la moitié des années 70) se sont fatigués des lignes du parti et se sont retrouvés du côté des anarchistes et des autonomistes. Le mouvement étudiant de 1978 et 1979 fut de beaucoup, influencé par l'anarchisme et l'autonomie et les affrontements avec la police dans les rues, par les travailleurs/euses, les étudiant(e)s,... devinrent situation régulière.

The first wave of Greek anarchists got disappointed, and the great majority of them left the movement slowly, when the first socialist government was established in 1980 and with the alliance from the communist party almost ended the social war of the '70s. A new wave of young anarchists even more angry than the first one were to be found in the mid-80's. In the years 1985-1986 almost daily demos and clashes shook the establishment. Anarchists Mixalis Kaltezas (1970-1985) and Xristos Tsoutsouvis (?-1985) were killed of this period and their killings caused huge riots in Athens and Thessaloníki . The killing of a cop in Thessaloníki and the occupation of Chemistry University in Athens made the oppression against anarchists almost unbearable, but a real anarchist resistance existed, managed to make even 10.000 strong demonstrations in Athens. The attack of a 4.000 anarchist demonstration on a hotel hosting a neofascist conference (among them was the far-right "star" Lepen) was also a peak in anarchist movement of '80s.

This generation was faded slowly, and a new wave of anarchists came in the heat of '91 high school student uprising. The '91 student movement was the most radical movement even to be shown in Greece, carrying about 1500 wild strike school occupations and demonstrations of hundred thousands. The killing of an ultra-left teacher (Nikos Temponeras) from fascist gangs made up by the ruling right-wing party, made an almost general insurgency in all main Greek towns, with a 25.000 (in a population of 100.000) strong demonstration in Patra were Temponeras was killed burning the police station and the town hall. The same day in Athens 4 people were killed by the police, in a middle of an almost uncontrollable situation. The civil unrest stopped only when the minister of education resigned. The role of anarchists both in student organizing and radicalizing the movement was a catalyst.

The anarchist movement of '90s faced the complete disaster in the anarchist occupation of Polytechnic University in 1995. About 3.000 people occupied Polytechnic but for the first time until junta the police got in and arrested finally 501 anarchists (all occupiers that were left in Polytechnic). The role of the media was a catalyst, ordering the police to arrest and hit "these hooligans, the known-unknown thugs"(the common name of anarchists for media in mid-90s). But instead of strengthening the anarchist movement, as oppression did before, it really made it apart. The insurrectionist papers told about "a great occupation that is similar to this one against military junta of 1973" but the common people of Greece really disliked anarchist movement from this situation, and this was a result both of the "independent" private media propaganda (who didn't exist in '80s so they couldn't play their role) and the serious anarchist mistakes (the almost complete destruction of Polytechnic, even if part of that was made during the clashes with police).

Another generation was lost and for about 5 years anarchist activity was on its lowest ever peak, even failing influencing their main power, the high school movement, which ended defeated in 1998, guided by Communist Party. For 5 years even the presence of an anarchist block in the 17th November demonstration against American backing of junta in Athens, the greatest yearly demonstration in Greece couldn't be achieved.

For a first time in 5 years a 800+ participants strong anarchist block made its presence visible in front of all people of Greece attacking the riot police protecting the American embassy in 17th November 2001 demonstration in Athens. A common demonstration organized by all anarchists in Athens in January 2002 was the first after many years of depression, internal fights and lack of self-confidence for the anarchist movement. The signs are positive but they are because of the wake of the international movement, not by the anarchist activity in Greece which is very poor right now.

Anarchists in Greece are generally insurrectionists and anarchosyndicalists really don't exist or if they exist they are hidden in leftist opposition in labor unions. Presence of anarchist activity were to be found in main cities like Athens, Thessaloníki and Patra but it is very weakened comparing to late-'70s, mid-80's and early-90's.

Notable Greek anarchists

• Alexandros Schinas

Organisations anarchistes grecs

• Anti-State Justice
• Federation of Anarchists of Western Greece
• Thieves in Black

Voir aussi

• Anarchist Gallery (1986). A brief history of anarchism in Greece. (Oakland: Barricade Books).
• Early Days of Greek Anarchism: The Democratic Club of Patras & Social Radicalism in Greece Edité et traduit par Paul Pomonis.

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