Difference between revisions of "Anarchisme et marxisme"

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(--> fin de la traduction de la partie 'Arguments entourant le sort de l'État' + ajout de notes)
(La compréhension anarchiste et marxiste des classes: --> traduction de deux paragraphes)
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== La compréhension anarchiste et marxiste des classes ==
 
== La compréhension anarchiste et marxiste des classes ==
  
L'analyse des classes des anarchistes et des marxistes est basée sur l'idée que la société est divisée en plusieurs classes, chacune avec des intérêts différents en accord avec leur circonstance matérielle. Les deux diffèrent cependant, dans où ils tracent les lignes entre ces groupes.  
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L'analyse des classes sociales des anarchistes et des marxistes est basée sur l'idée que la société est divisée en plusieurs classes, chacune avec des intérêts différents en accord avec leur circonstance matérielle. Les deux analyses diffèrent cependant, là où ils tracent les lignes de frontière entre ces groupes sociaux.
  
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Pour les marxistes, les deux classes les plus importantes sont la bourgeoisie (propriétaire des moyens de productions) et le prolétariat (la classe travailleuse, exploitée par la bourgeoisie). Marx estime que les circonstances historiques uniques des auxquels font face les travailleur/-euse/-s industriels les pousseront à s'organiser ensemble en vue de prendre le pouvoir étatique ainsi que les moyens de production à la bourgeoisie, à collectiviser ces derniers, et à créer une société dénuée de classe dirigée par et pour les travailleur/-euse/-s. Il met volontairement de côté les paysans, les petits propriétaires "petit-bourgeois", ainsi que le « sous-prolétariat » <ref>En allemand « Lumpenproletariat » (prolétariat en haillons, de « Lumpen » = loque, chiffon, haillon et « Proletariat »), cette population a été considérée par de nombreux marxistes comme sans conscience politique. Les théoriciens de la révolution recommandaient de s'en méfier, car cette classe était susceptible de servir de force d'appoint à la bourgeoisie. Voir l'[http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sous-prol%C3%A9tariat article de Wikipédia]</ref> - sous-classe non-salariée - incapables de créer et de participer à la révolution.
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L'analyse des classes sociales anarchistes précèdent le marxisme et le contredit. Les anarchistes estiment que ce n'est pas l'ensemble de la classe dominante qui détient le contrôle de l'État, mais une minorité faisant partie de la classe dirigeante (et qui donc, défend les intérêts de toute sa classe sociale), minorité cherchant tout de même à conserver ses propres intérêts, à savoir la détention du pouvoir. Une minorité révolutionnaire prenant le pouvoir et imposant ses vues au peuple ne sera qu'une minorité dirigeant le capitalisme de plus, et constituera une nouvelle classe dirigeante, une bourgeoisie de fonctions. [[Michel Bakounine|Bakounine]] le prédit longtemps avant la [[Révolution russe|révolution russe]] et la chute de l'Union Soviétique lorsqu'il écrivit :
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<blockquote>« Si vous prenez le révolutionnaire le plus ardent, donnez lui le pouvoir absolu, et en un an, il sera devenu pire que le Tsar lui-même »<ref>Cité par [[Daniel Guérin]], ''L’Anarchisme, de la doctrine à la pratique'', Paris, Gallimard, 1965; 1976, 1981, 1987, p.25-26 (référence à l'édition américaine paru chez New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970). Texte intégral disponible en [http://libcom.org/library/anarchism-daniel-guerin anglais] (avec une introduction de [[Noam Chomsky]]) et en [http://www.geocities.com/labrecha3/danielguerin.html espagnol]</ref></blockquote>
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Also, traditionally anarchists have advocated that a successful revolution needs the support of the peasantry, and that it can only get it by redistribution of land between landless peasants and minifundists. That is, it explicitly rejects imposing state property of the land, although voluntary collectivization is seen as more efficient and thus supported (indeed, during the Spanish revolution anarchists impulsed hundreds of collectivizations but only a tiny minority had all the land in the area, small peasants were allowed to cultivate their own land without hired labour).
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Some modern anarchists (particularly [[parecon]]ists) argue that there are three “classes,” which have relevance to social change - not two. The first is the labor class (which includes everyone whose labor is involved in producing and distributing goods as well as much of the so-called “service” industry). This includes farmers, peasants, small landowners, small business owners who labor with their employees and blue, pink and white-collar workers. The second is the coordinator class which includes everyone whose labor is primarily concerned with “coordinating” and managing the labor of others primarily on behalf of the bourgeoisie, administrating organizations, setting the intellectual status quo or managing the State apparatus. The anarchist definition of the "coordinator class" includes people such as bureaucrats, technocrats, managers, administrators, middle-class intellectuals (such as economists, political and social scientists, mathematicians, philosophers, etc.), physical scientists, judges, lawyers, military officials, political party organizers and leaders, etc. And finally the elite owning class or "capital class" (which derives its income from its control of wealth, land, property and resources). Marxists vigorously debate the exact composition of the middle class under capitalism.  Some also describe a "co-ordinating class" which implements capitalism on behalf of the capitalists, composed of the [[petit bourgeoisie]], [[professional]]s and [[managers]].  Others dispute this, freely using the term "middle class" to refer to affluent white-collar workers as described above (even though, in Marxist terms, they are part of the [[proletariat]]&mdash;the working class).  Still others (for example, [[Council communism|Council communists]]) allege, like anarchists, that there is a class comprising intellectuals, [[technocrats]] and managers which seeks power in its own right.  This last group of communists allege that such technocratic middle classes seized power and government for themselves in [[Soviet Union|Soviet-style societies]] (see [[coordinatorism|co-ordinatorism]]).
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Anarchists contend that Marxism fails, and will always fail, because it creates a dictatorship of the coordinating technocratic/managerial class and that a "dictatorship of the proletariat" is a logical impossibility. [[Bakunin]] foreshadowed this argument when he wrote:
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<blockquote>the "State has always been the patrimony of some privileged class: a priestly class, an aristocratic class, a bourgeois class. And finally, when all the other classes have exhausted themselves, the State then becomes the patrimony of the bureaucratic class and then falls—or, if you will, rises—to the position of a machine."</blockquote>
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On the International Workingmen's Association and Karl Marx, Mikhail Bakunin, 1872
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[http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1872/karl-marx.htm]
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Some believe that Marxism fails because its theoretical "socialist mode of production" involves centralizing and empowering the State apparatus which empowers people from the coordinator class to seize control of the State and means of production to manage the labor class, effectively acting as a surrogate capital class. However, this is less of a problem for libertarian Marxists who believe that such as State apparatus should operate on working class-led participatory democracy or even as a [[consociational state]].
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Key differences thus include the fact that Anarchists do not differentiate between peasants, lumpen, and proletarians and instead define all people who work for the profit of others as members of the working class, regardless of occupation; and that anarchists do differentiate between the economic and political elites who set policy and the business and government functionaries that carry those policies out whereas Marxists lump the two together.
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Further, some Anarchists argue that Marxism fails because it springs from the minds of middle class intellectuals, while arguing that anarchism springs spontaneously from the self-activity and self-organization of the labor class. They point to the fact that schools of Marxism are often named after the intellectuals who formed the movements through high analytical and philosophical praxis theorization. While schools of Anarchism tend to emerge from organizational principles or forms of practice and are rarely (if ever) named after or centered around an individual intellectual. Anarchists distinguish themselves by what they do, and how they organize themselves where as Marxists tend to distinguish themselves by their strategic approach and their philosophical or intellectual methodology. Marxists, however, contend that their ideas are not new ideologies which sprang from intellectuals but are ideas which form from the class contradictions of each economic and social mode of history. They argue that Marxian socialism in particular arose from the minds of the working class due to the class contradictions of the capitalist mode of production. Some Marxists even argue that Anarchism springs from the ideas of proletarians (or even petty bourgeoisie) who have been marginalized by capitalism as an unorganized and unrefined reactionary struggle against the forces of capitalism.
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===Other axes of oppression===
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The Marxist class analysis has consequences for how Marxists relate to the liberation movements of groups such as [[women]], [[indigenous peoples]], [[ethnic minorities]], and cultural minorities (such as homosexuals). Classical Marxism was generally dismissive of such movements and argued that class struggle had to take precedence over all other forms of struggle because it was the class struggle  - and only the class struggle - that could allow the working class to seize power by seizing the state. It was assumed that, once State power had been seized, issues such as racism, sexism, could be much more easily dealt with. Since the 1970's, however, most Marxist organizations explicitly support such liberation movements, not only because they are worthy in and of themselves, but also on the grounds that they are seen as necessary for a [[working-class]] revolution. Many Marxists believe that attempts by oppressed people to liberate themselves will continue to fail to achieve their full aims until class society is done away with, because under [[capitalism]] and other class societies, [[social power]] rests at the point of production. 
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Anarchists and others criticize Marxists for giving class priority in this way and in explaining the causes of historical change, arguing that to do so denigrates other oppressions, which operate with their own independent dynamics. Anarchists see all liberation movements by oppressed people as fundamentally legitimate, be they "[[proletarians]]", "[[peasants]]", or others, without needing to fit these movements into a predetermined schema for [[revolution]]. However, this position is not the only one throughout the anarchist movement, many anarchists believe that single issue struggles are extremely limited in their scope although they participate (as Marxists do) in them, trying to advance their positions and methods in an anarchist way.
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Marxists tend to view people as sharing a certain [[class consciousness]] based on their station in capitalist society. They believe that people share a collective socio-economic mindset and that freedom comes from liberating the class of it's class status shackles, thus eventually empowering the individual. Anarchists on the other hand tend to view people as social individuals who share a common condition in capitalist society, but don't necessarily share a uniform class consciousness.
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====Religion====
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{{Seealso|Anarchism and religion}}
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Religion is another area of disagreement amongst anarchists and Marxists. Marxists view religion as an instrument of the bourgeoisie to dominate the minds of the lower classes and inspire subservience to authority and acceptance of the status quo in return for promises of future reward.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} Marxists tend to envision a "pure communism" as being free of religion, sometimes promoting violence against clergy and religious institutions.
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Despite the hostility of Marxism to organized religion, there have been attempts to fuse the two, [[Liberation theology]] being the most obvious example. Some Priests associated with Liberation Theology have even joined and fought with armed guerrillas, [[Camilo Torres]], for instance, joined and fought with the ELN ([[National Liberation Army]]) in Columbia and died in combat. Although the [[Holy See|Vatican]] has actively condemned liberation theology, liberation theology remains influential in parts of Latin America, most notably with the [[Landless Workers' Movement]] of Brazil.
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Anarchists advocate resistance to oppressive and authoritarian institutions, including religious ones; and in extreme cases this may include violent resistance. During the [[Spanish Civil War]], for instance, the [[Catholic Church]] was one of the biggest landowners and allied itself with the [[Falangist]] [[Fascist]] movement led by [[Francisco Franco]]. Opposition to Catholic institutions and the collectivization of church lands by peasants formed a major part of the anarchist revolution that opposed Franco in Barcelona. In the [[Basque]] country, however, most priests defied the church and opposed Fascism and urged their congregations to do likewise, and so on the ground there was little in the way of physical conflict between anarchists and Catholics over religion.
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In contrast to Marxism, anarchism has historically been more accepting of personal spirituality and egalitarian religions. Anarchism has also historically gained much more support amongst religious communities and at various times and places explicitly anarchist forms of [[Christian anarchism|Christianity]], Buddhism, Hinduism, and other religions have claimed tens of thousands of members. Some anarchists envision future society as being free of religion while others envision a future society in which egalitarian religions and spirituality play a prominent role.
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Version précédente d'AP :
 
Pour les marxistes, les deux classes principales sont la bourgeoisie et la classe prolétarienne. Marx a cru que les circonstances historiques que vivaient les travailleurs industriels, les inciteraient à s'organiser et saisir l'État et les moyens de production de la bourgeoisie. Il faudra ensuite, les collectiviser et créer une société sans classe administré par et pour les travailleurs. He explicitly dismissed peasants, agricultural workers, and the "lumpen-proletarians" - the "underclass" as incapable of creating revolution and argued that the social revolution, led by the Proletariat" was a historical and scientific certainty. Ironiquement, aucune révolution marxiste en n'importe quel pays a été dirigés par les "prolétaires". Post-Marxist and neo-Marxist theories such as Leninism and Maoism seek to explain this as the result of Imperialism artificially raising the standards of living for industrial workers in developed capitalist nations, making them less likely to rebel, and leading to revolutions in poorer less developed nations with majority Peasant populations - such as Russia and China.  Lenin further argued that Imperialism was thus ultimately a good thing because it brought advanced western technology to backward and primitive nations and would thus speed up the global industrialization process - and thus bring about the global revolution which Marx had predicted.
 
Pour les marxistes, les deux classes principales sont la bourgeoisie et la classe prolétarienne. Marx a cru que les circonstances historiques que vivaient les travailleurs industriels, les inciteraient à s'organiser et saisir l'État et les moyens de production de la bourgeoisie. Il faudra ensuite, les collectiviser et créer une société sans classe administré par et pour les travailleurs. He explicitly dismissed peasants, agricultural workers, and the "lumpen-proletarians" - the "underclass" as incapable of creating revolution and argued that the social revolution, led by the Proletariat" was a historical and scientific certainty. Ironiquement, aucune révolution marxiste en n'importe quel pays a été dirigés par les "prolétaires". Post-Marxist and neo-Marxist theories such as Leninism and Maoism seek to explain this as the result of Imperialism artificially raising the standards of living for industrial workers in developed capitalist nations, making them less likely to rebel, and leading to revolutions in poorer less developed nations with majority Peasant populations - such as Russia and China.  Lenin further argued that Imperialism was thus ultimately a good thing because it brought advanced western technology to backward and primitive nations and would thus speed up the global industrialization process - and thus bring about the global revolution which Marx had predicted.
  

Revision as of 16:26, 3 July 2007