Difference between revisions of "Anarchisme et marxisme"

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(La compréhension anarchiste et marxiste des classes: --> traduction de deux paragraphes)
(La compréhension anarchiste et marxiste des classes: --> traduction d'un autre paragraphe)
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L'analyse des classes sociales anarchistes précèdent le marxisme et le contredit. Les anarchistes estiment que ce n'est pas l'ensemble de la classe dominante qui détient le contrôle de l'État, mais une minorité faisant partie de la classe dirigeante (et qui donc, défend les intérêts de toute sa classe sociale), minorité cherchant tout de même à conserver ses propres intérêts, à savoir la détention du pouvoir. Une minorité révolutionnaire prenant le pouvoir et imposant ses vues au peuple ne sera qu'une minorité dirigeant le capitalisme de plus, et constituera une nouvelle classe dirigeante, une bourgeoisie de fonctions. [[Michel Bakounine|Bakounine]] le prédit longtemps avant la [[Révolution russe|révolution russe]] et la chute de l'Union Soviétique lorsqu'il écrivit :
 
L'analyse des classes sociales anarchistes précèdent le marxisme et le contredit. Les anarchistes estiment que ce n'est pas l'ensemble de la classe dominante qui détient le contrôle de l'État, mais une minorité faisant partie de la classe dirigeante (et qui donc, défend les intérêts de toute sa classe sociale), minorité cherchant tout de même à conserver ses propres intérêts, à savoir la détention du pouvoir. Une minorité révolutionnaire prenant le pouvoir et imposant ses vues au peuple ne sera qu'une minorité dirigeant le capitalisme de plus, et constituera une nouvelle classe dirigeante, une bourgeoisie de fonctions. [[Michel Bakounine|Bakounine]] le prédit longtemps avant la [[Révolution russe|révolution russe]] et la chute de l'Union Soviétique lorsqu'il écrivit :
 
<blockquote>« Si vous prenez le révolutionnaire le plus ardent, donnez lui le pouvoir absolu, et en un an, il sera devenu pire que le Tsar lui-même »<ref>Cité par [[Daniel Guérin]], ''L’Anarchisme, de la doctrine à la pratique'', Paris, Gallimard, 1965; 1976, 1981, 1987, p.25-26 (référence à l'édition américaine paru chez New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970). Texte intégral disponible en [http://libcom.org/library/anarchism-daniel-guerin anglais] (avec une introduction de [[Noam Chomsky]]) et en [http://www.geocities.com/labrecha3/danielguerin.html espagnol]</ref></blockquote>
 
<blockquote>« Si vous prenez le révolutionnaire le plus ardent, donnez lui le pouvoir absolu, et en un an, il sera devenu pire que le Tsar lui-même »<ref>Cité par [[Daniel Guérin]], ''L’Anarchisme, de la doctrine à la pratique'', Paris, Gallimard, 1965; 1976, 1981, 1987, p.25-26 (référence à l'édition américaine paru chez New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970). Texte intégral disponible en [http://libcom.org/library/anarchism-daniel-guerin anglais] (avec une introduction de [[Noam Chomsky]]) et en [http://www.geocities.com/labrecha3/danielguerin.html espagnol]</ref></blockquote>
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Traditionnellement, les anarchistes défendent la position selon laquelle une révolution réussie a besoin du soutien de la paysannerie, et que ce soutient ne peut être obtenu que par la redistribution des terres entre les paysans sans terre. C'est à dire que pour obtenir ce support de la paysannerie, il faut explicitement rejetter la propriété étatique imposée des terres, bien que la collectivisation volontaire est considérée comme plus efficace et donc soutenue par les anarchistes (en effet, durant la [[Révolution espagnole|révolution espagnole]], ces derniers ont donné l'impulsion à des centaines de collectivisations, et seule une faible minorité de gens décidaient de conserver la propriété des terres ; les petits paysans pouvaient cultiver leur lopin de terre, sans utiliser de travail salarié).
  
 
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Also, traditionally anarchists have advocated that a successful revolution needs the support of the peasantry, and that it can only get it by redistribution of land between landless peasants and minifundists. That is, it explicitly rejects imposing state property of the land, although voluntary collectivization is seen as more efficient and thus supported (indeed, during the Spanish revolution anarchists impulsed hundreds of collectivizations but only a tiny minority had all the land in the area, small peasants were allowed to cultivate their own land without hired labour).
 
  
 
Some modern anarchists (particularly [[parecon]]ists) argue that there are three “classes,” which have relevance to social change - not two. The first is the labor class (which includes everyone whose labor is involved in producing and distributing goods as well as much of the so-called “service” industry). This includes farmers, peasants, small landowners, small business owners who labor with their employees and blue, pink and white-collar workers. The second is the coordinator class which includes everyone whose labor is primarily concerned with “coordinating” and managing the labor of others primarily on behalf of the bourgeoisie, administrating organizations, setting the intellectual status quo or managing the State apparatus. The anarchist definition of the "coordinator class" includes people such as bureaucrats, technocrats, managers, administrators, middle-class intellectuals (such as economists, political and social scientists, mathematicians, philosophers, etc.), physical scientists, judges, lawyers, military officials, political party organizers and leaders, etc. And finally the elite owning class or "capital class" (which derives its income from its control of wealth, land, property and resources). Marxists vigorously debate the exact composition of the middle class under capitalism.  Some also describe a "co-ordinating class" which implements capitalism on behalf of the capitalists, composed of the [[petit bourgeoisie]], [[professional]]s and [[managers]].  Others dispute this, freely using the term "middle class" to refer to affluent white-collar workers as described above (even though, in Marxist terms, they are part of the [[proletariat]]&mdash;the working class).  Still others (for example, [[Council communism|Council communists]]) allege, like anarchists, that there is a class comprising intellectuals, [[technocrats]] and managers which seeks power in its own right.  This last group of communists allege that such technocratic middle classes seized power and government for themselves in [[Soviet Union|Soviet-style societies]] (see [[coordinatorism|co-ordinatorism]]).
 
Some modern anarchists (particularly [[parecon]]ists) argue that there are three “classes,” which have relevance to social change - not two. The first is the labor class (which includes everyone whose labor is involved in producing and distributing goods as well as much of the so-called “service” industry). This includes farmers, peasants, small landowners, small business owners who labor with their employees and blue, pink and white-collar workers. The second is the coordinator class which includes everyone whose labor is primarily concerned with “coordinating” and managing the labor of others primarily on behalf of the bourgeoisie, administrating organizations, setting the intellectual status quo or managing the State apparatus. The anarchist definition of the "coordinator class" includes people such as bureaucrats, technocrats, managers, administrators, middle-class intellectuals (such as economists, political and social scientists, mathematicians, philosophers, etc.), physical scientists, judges, lawyers, military officials, political party organizers and leaders, etc. And finally the elite owning class or "capital class" (which derives its income from its control of wealth, land, property and resources). Marxists vigorously debate the exact composition of the middle class under capitalism.  Some also describe a "co-ordinating class" which implements capitalism on behalf of the capitalists, composed of the [[petit bourgeoisie]], [[professional]]s and [[managers]].  Others dispute this, freely using the term "middle class" to refer to affluent white-collar workers as described above (even though, in Marxist terms, they are part of the [[proletariat]]&mdash;the working class).  Still others (for example, [[Council communism|Council communists]]) allege, like anarchists, that there is a class comprising intellectuals, [[technocrats]] and managers which seeks power in its own right.  This last group of communists allege that such technocratic middle classes seized power and government for themselves in [[Soviet Union|Soviet-style societies]] (see [[coordinatorism|co-ordinatorism]]).

Revision as of 17:49, 3 July 2007