Difference between revisions of "Anarchisme en Chine"

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m (Croissance du mouvement anarchiste)
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== L'anarchisme, mouvement de masse ==
 
== L'anarchisme, mouvement de masse ==
By 1911 anarchism had become the driving force behind popular mobilization and had moved beyond its initial association with relatively wealthy students studying abroad to become a genuine revolutionary movement among the people as a whole.  There is some evidence that the grassroots workers movement which was developing at this time enjoyed a secondary influx of anarchist ideals as people who had been working in the United States were forced to return to China following the passage of the [[Chinese Exclusion Act]] in [[1882]]. This act severely limited (but did not eliminate) the flow of Chinese workers to and from the [[United States]].
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En 1911, l’[[anarchisme]] était devenu la force motrice de la mobilisation populaire et, d’un groupement de jeunes gens relativement fortunés étudiant à l’étranger, s’était mué en véritable [[révolution|mouvement révolutionnaire]] englobant le peuple entier. Il y a certaines preuves que le mouvement ouvrier de base qui se développait à cette époque se félicita du nouvel afflux d’idéaux anarchistes quand les gens qui travaillaient aux États-Unis furent forcés de retourner en Chine à la suite de la proclamation de la loi d’exclusion des chinois ("Chinese Exclusion Act") en [[1882]]. Cet acte limitait sévèrement (mais ne supprimait pas complètement) les flux d’ouvriers chinois à destination et au départ des États-Unis.
 
=== L'influence des anarchistes américains ===
 
=== L'influence des anarchistes américains ===
In the United States, anarchists had been almost alone in the [[labor movement]] in explicitly opposing [[racism]] against [[Asian]] and [[Mexican]] workers, and when [[Emma Goldman]] came to speak in [[San Francisco]] in the 1890s there were several thousand Chinese workers in attendance. Additionally, from 1908 on, many thousands of Chinese workers in North America - particularly those working in California and the Pacific North-West - became members of the [[Industrial unionism|Industrial Union]], the [[Industrial Workers of the World]] (IWW). The [[Wobblies]] (as IWW members were called) were the first American labor union to oppose the institution of [[White supremacy]] in an organized and deliberate fashion and to actively recruit Asians, Blacks, Latinos, and migratory workers. Their defense of Chinese immigrants who were being subjected to systematic harassment and discrimination won them a large base of membership among Chinese workers, and widespread support among the Chinese community in North America.
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Aux États-Unis, les anarchistes étaient quasiment les seuls au sein du mouvement ouvrier à explicitement s’opposer au [[racisme]] envers les asiatiques et les mexicains, et quand [[Emma Goldman]] vint parler à San Francisco dans les années 1890, il y avait plusieurs milliers de travailleurs chinois présents. De plus, dès [[1908]], des milliers d’ouvriers chinois d’Amérique du nord - particulièrement ceux qui travaillaient en Californie et sur la côte nord-ouest - étaient déjà membres de l’[[Industrial Union]], et de l’[[Industrial Workers of the World]] (IWW). Les Wobblies (comme étaient appelés les membres de l’IWW) furent les premiers [[syndicalisme|syndicalistes]] américains à s’opposer à la suprématie blanche de manière organisée et délibérée et à recruter activement des membres asiatiques, noirs, latinos et des travailleurs émigrés. La défense des émigrés chinois qui étaient systématiquement victimes d’harcèlement et de discrimination leur fit acquérir un large engagement parmi les ouvriers chinois et un vaste soutien de la part de la communauté chinoise d’Amérique du nord.
  
The influence of Chinese IWW members returning to China has gone largely unstudied, but the strong anarchist participation in the Chinese union movement and the willing reception that they met may owe something to this earlier relationship between Chinese workers and anarchist Revolutionaries.
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L’influence des membres chinois de l’[[Industrial Workers of the World|IWW]] retournés en Chine n’a pas été suffisamment étudiée, mais la participation importante des anarchistes au mouvement syndical chinois et l’écho attentif qu’ils ont reçu doit quelque chose à cette ancienne relation entre les ouvriers chinois et les anarchistes révolutionnaires.  
 
=== La révolution nationaliste de 1911 ===
 
=== La révolution nationaliste de 1911 ===
Following the Nationalist revolution of 1911 and the victory of the Revolutionary Alliance, which counted several prominent anarchists as movement elders, anarchists throughout China had a bit more room to engage in organizing. At the same time, Nationalist rule was by no means a guarantee of freedom to organize for antiauthoritarians, and government persecution was ongoing. With Nationalist goals of overthrowing the [[Manchu]] [[Qing dynasty]] having been achieved, the main ideological opposition to anarchism came from self-described [[Socialists]], including the [[Chinese Socialist Society]](CSS) and the Left wing of the nationalist movement which – following Sun Yet-Sen’s lead – called itself socialist. [[Jiang Kanghu]], who founded the [[Chinese Socialist Society]] in [[1911]], had been a contributor to the ''New Era'' (one of the publications of the Paris Group), and included the abolition of the [[State]], the traditional family structure, and [[Confucian]] culture as planks of his parties’ platform.
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À la suite de la [[révolution]] nationaliste de [[1911]] et de la victoire de l’Alliance Révolutionnaire qui comptait plusieurs anarchistes de premier plan comme anciens membres, les anarchistes à travers la Chine entière eurent l’occasion de s’engager davantage dans l’organisation. D’un autre côté, le pouvoir nationaliste ne garantissait aucunement la capacité de s’organiser librement en collectifs anti-autoritaires, et la persécution du gouvernement alla en s’amplifiant. Quand les objectifs de renversement de la dynastie mandchoue Qing furent atteints, la principale opposition idéologique à l’[[anarchisme]] vint des [[socialisme|socialistes]] autoproclamés, dont la [[Chinese Socialist Society]] (CSS) et la partie la plus à gauche du mouvement nationaliste qui, à la suite de [[Sun Yat-sen]], se faisait appeler socialiste. [[Jiang Kanghu]], qui fonda la [[Chinese Socialist Society]] en [[1911]], participa à la rédaction de la ''Nouvelle Ère'' (une des publications du [[Anarchisme en Chine#Le groupe de Paris|groupe de Paris]]), et instaura l’abolition de l’[[État]], la structure familiale traditionnelle et la culture [[confucianisme|confucéenne]] comme piliers de son parti.  
  
The main source of conflict came because the CSS wanted to retain market relations but supplement them with a broad social safety net, since they felt that without any incentive mechanism people would not produce anything and the society would collapse. Other sources of friction had to do with the CSS’s focus on building the revolution in China first, and using elected office as a tool to do so – both significant deviations from classical anarchism. Jiang did not call himself an anarchist, so his party was generally perceived as being outside the movement, despite the similarities.   In [[1912]] Jiang's party split into two factions, the pure socialists, led by the anarchist Buddhist monk [[Tai xu]], and the remains of the party led by Jiang.
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La source de conflit principale était la volonté de la CSS de conserver les relations commerciales tout en y associant un large filet de protection avec la sécurité sociale, car ils pensaient que sans mécanisme stimulant, les gens ne produiraient rien et la société s’effondrerait. Les autres sources de différend étaient que la CSS se concentrait sur la construction de la [[révolution]] chinoise en Chine (et non à partir de l’étranger), et l’utilisation pour cela du gouvernement élu, deux différences majeures avec l’[[anarchisme]] "classique". [[Jiang Kanghu|Jiang]] ne se considérait pas comme un anarchiste, ainsi son parti était généralement perçu comme externe au mouvement, malgré les ressemblances. En [[1912]], le parti de [[Jiang Kanghu|Jiang]] se scinda en deux factions : les [[socialisme|socialistes]] purs, dirigés par le moine bouddhiste anarchiste [[Tai Xu]], et les restes du parti menés par [[Jiang Kanghu|Jiang]].  
 
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[[Shifu]], who would go on to be one of the most significant figures in the anarchist movement in mainland China founded a group in [[Guangzhou]] later that same year, with an explicitly anarchist-communist platform.
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Un peu plus tard dans la même année, [[Shifu]], qui peut être considéré comme la figure anarchiste la plus importante du mouvement en Chine continentale, fonda un groupe à [[Anarchisme en Chine#Le groupe de Canton|Canton]] (Guangzhou en mandarin), avec une plate-forme explicitement [[anarcho-communiste]].
 
=== Les socialistes purs ===
 
=== Les socialistes purs ===
 
The Pure Socialists revised platform included the complete [[abolition]] of property and an anarchist-communist economic system.  Shifu criticized them for retaining the name “Socialist” but their platform was clearly anarchist so the two groups generally considered each other comrades.  The emphasis on the importance of the Peasant struggle, which had been pioneered earlier by the Tokyo group, would also become a major subject of discussion and organizing among Chinese anarchists from both the Pure Socialists and the Guangzhou group in this period.  It was anarchists who first pointed to the crucial role that the [[peasants]] must play in any serious revolutionary attempt in China, and anarchists were the first to engage in any serious attempts to organize the Peasants.
 
The Pure Socialists revised platform included the complete [[abolition]] of property and an anarchist-communist economic system.  Shifu criticized them for retaining the name “Socialist” but their platform was clearly anarchist so the two groups generally considered each other comrades.  The emphasis on the importance of the Peasant struggle, which had been pioneered earlier by the Tokyo group, would also become a major subject of discussion and organizing among Chinese anarchists from both the Pure Socialists and the Guangzhou group in this period.  It was anarchists who first pointed to the crucial role that the [[peasants]] must play in any serious revolutionary attempt in China, and anarchists were the first to engage in any serious attempts to organize the Peasants.

Revision as of 14:59, 3 July 2008