Difference between revisions of "Pédagogie critique"

Catégorie:En traduction La Pédagogie critique est une approche d'enseignement qui tente d'aider les étudiant(e)s à questionner et combattre la domination, et les croyances et pratiques du même but. Dans d'autres mots, c'est une théorie et une pratique d'aide aux étudiant(e)s afin qu'ils et elles atteignent une conscience critique. La pédagogue critique, Ira Shor, définit la pédagogie critique comme :

Habits of thought, reading, writing, and speaking which go beneath surface meaning, first impressions, dominant myths, official pronouncements, traditional cliches, received wisdom, and mere opinions, to understand the deep meaning, root causes, social context, ideology, and personal consequences of any action, event, object, process, organization, experience, text, subject matter, policy, mass media, or discourse. (Empowering Education, 129)

In this tradition the teacher works to lead students to question ideologies and practices that the students themselves consider oppressive (including those at school), and encourage liberatory collective and individual responses to the actual conditions of their own lives.

The student often begins as a member of the group or process (including religion, national identity, cultural norms, or expected roles) he or she is critically studying. Après que l'étudiant(e) est atteint le point de révélation où il ou elle commence à voir la société présente comme profondément problématique, la prochain comportement encouragé est le partage de cette connaissance, de paire avec la tentative de changer la nature oppressante de la société.

Sujets amenés

Pour encourager les étudiant(e)s à changer leur façon _their view from accepting the social norms (viewed by critics as being gullible) into being independently critical (viewed by mainstream society as being cynical) the instructors often introduce challenges to heroic icons and self-edifying history using contradictory reports or external points of view of the same subjects.

Exemple d'activités possibles

• Pour encourager les étudiant(e)s à devenir critique, l'instructeur peut utiliser ces exercices(td:tasks) visant à _to challenge the generally accepted paradigm of the student's society:

- Prompt the student to investigate a war that his or her society has waged and considered just and critically evaluate if it meets the criteria of a just war.

- Encourager les étudiant(e)s à explorer les relations de pouvoir dans leurs propres familles.

- Amener les étudiant(e)s à lire entre les lignes dans la culture populaire et les mass-médias(critique).

Demander l'évaluation des contreverses existantes dans la société contemporaine,_ such as the relative merits of U.S. government spending on atomic weapons versus international health programs.

- Ask whether the metaphoric Emperor's New Clothes (fable) is, in fact, clothed.

• De réels exemples de concepts parfois introduit pour générer la pensée critique:

- Une contestation de la mythologie révérentiel autour de Christophe Colomb et amener les étudiant(e)s à faire enquête sur les sources primaires par et à propos des figures historiques. Quelqu'un pourrait suggérer des sources comme_ the Black Legend, or other sources that cast more disconcerting views on the legacy of his efforts.

Background, Developing a Call for Action

La pédagogie critique a été très influencé par les travaux de Paulo Freire, argumentablement l'éducateur critique le plus reconnu. Selon ses écrits, Freire heavily endorses students’ ability to think critically about their education situation; this way of thinking allows them to “recognize connections between their individual problems and experiences and the social contexts in which they are embedded.”[1] Realizing one’s consciousness ("conscientization") est la première étape de la praxis, qui est définit comme le pouvoir et le savoir nécessaire pour agir envers l'oppresion, tout en revandiquant l'importance de libérer l'éducation. “Praxis involves engaging in a cycle of theory, application, evaluation, reflection, and then back to theory. Social transformation is the product of praxis at the collective level.”[2]

Les théories post-modernes, antiracistes, féministes, post-coloniales et queer ont toutes jouées un rôle_ in further explaining Freire’s ideas of critical pedagogy, shifting its main focus on social class to include issues pertaining to race, gender, sexuality, nationality, ethnicity, and age. Plusieurs pédagogues critiques contemporain(e)s ont pris(es) des perspectives postmodernistes et anti-essencialistes de l'individu, de la langue et du pouvoir, “tout en conservant au même moment, l'emphase de Freire sur la critique, et le renversement des régimes oppressifs.”[3] Contemporary critical educators, such as bell hooks appropriated by Peter McLaren, discuss in their criticisms the influence of many varied concerns, institutions, and social structures, “including globalization, the mass media, and race relations,” while citing reasons for resisting the possibilities to change.[4]

Examples

dans l'histoire

Durant l'apartheid en Afrique du sud, legal racialization implemented by the regime drove members of the radical leftist Teachers' League of South Africa to employ critical pedagogy with a focus on nonracialism in Cape Town schools and prisons. Teachers collaborated loosely to subvert the racist curriculum and encourage critical examination of political and social circumstances in terms of humanist and democratic ideologies. The efforts of such teachers are credited with having bolstered student resistance and activism.^[1]

dans la littérature

Famous authors of critical pedagogy texts not only include Paulo Freire, as mentioned above, but also Rich Gibson, Michael Apple, Henry Giroux, Peter McLaren, Joe L. Kincheloe, Howard Zinn, and others. Famous educationalists including Jonathan Kozol and Parker Palmer are sometimes included in this category. Other critical pedagogues more famous for their anti-schooling, unschooling, or deschooling perspectives include Ivan Illich, John Holt, Ira Shor, John Taylor Gatto, and Matt Hern. Much of the work draws on feminism, marxism, Lukacs, Wilhelm Reich, post-colonialism, and the discourse theories of Edward Said, Antonio Gramsci and Michel Foucault. Radical Teacher is a magazine dedicated to critical pedagogy and issues of interest to critical educators. The Rouge Forum is an online organization led by people involved with critical pedagogy.

Voir aussi

• Conscientisation
• Éducation populaire
• Pédagogie Queer
• Pensée critique
• Student voice
• Teaching for social justice

Liens externes

• Radical Teacher magazine
• The Rouge Forum
• Radical Teaching, a critical pedagogy site
• Pedagogy: Critical Approaches to Teaching Literature, Language, Composition, Culture
• Liberatory Education
• Many relevant links
• "What is Critical Literacy?" by Ira Shor
• For Your Own Good by Alice Miller

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